教協報/特刊

向財政司司長提交《財政預算案前瞻》

立法焦點 ■ 葉建源

財政司司長陳茂波將在本年2月28日發表今屆政府第一份《財政預算案》,我先後兩次跟他會面,反映教育界的訴求。

我向陳司長提交一份由我撰寫的《財政預算案前瞻》,提出教育是人的事業,春風化雨,政府必須持之以恆,致力維護穩定的教與學環境,並要更加重視公共教育(public education),因為公共教育對促進階層融和、社會流動,及解決跨代貧窮等問題起著重要的作用。

由於上屆政府並不重視教育,使教育經常開支(recurrent expenditure)佔政府開支總額的比例,由 1997 年的 25.3% 降至 2017 年的 21.2%,而行政長官林鄭月娥在上任時撥出的 36 億元新增經常開支亦只能將有關比率提升至 22.2% 而已,仍落後於 5 年前梁振英上任時的 23%;而教育總開支佔本地生產總值(GDP)比例亦僅微升 0.1% 至 3.5%,與發達地區(OECD國家)平均 4.8% 的水平仍有很大差幅。 …… 閱讀全文

外感傳裡

生活與健康 ■ 教協駐診註冊中醫師 邵益璋

「外感傳裡」是中醫的術語,西醫沒有這種講法。外感傳裡的表現可以是千奇百怪的,但在這個階段,發熱、咳嗽、流涕等感冒初期的症狀都已經消失得七七八八,而病人總覺得渾身不自在,例如會感到頭重眼花、頸梗膊痛、咽喉不適、口乾、胃脹、疲倦及忽冷忽熱等。病者縱使長期感到不適,但很多時候,體檢及化檢都未能找出原因。

「外感傳裡」的原因很多,常見有以下數種:

1. 病未治好,便再次受寒。例如因為天氣乍暖還寒,因一時穿不足夠而著涼;或終日處身冷氣環境,體外寒氣重,體內能抗邪的陽氣不能舒發;或時常置身人多且空氣不流通的地方,遭周圍的病人所傳染等。 …… 閱讀全文

教協資訊科技教育小組

(2018.06.25 #685 教協報)

2017-2018年度資訊科技教育回顧

來到本學年最後一篇文章,我們來回顧這一學年學界在STEM、資訊素養及應用資訊科技於教學的發展及對未來資訊教育的展望。
本學年STEM教育的發展可謂神速,不但成為各中、小學的重點發展項目,而且各校的執行方式更是百花齊放。以下總結一下本學年各校的異同之處: …… 閱讀全文

香港少數族裔學生的數學課

香港少數族裔學生的數學課【註1】

數衷情 ■ 潘瑩明

上一篇引用港大蕭文強教授的師生教學型態分類【註2】,當主動型學生遇上依書直說的解說型老師會露出丈八金剛,摸不著頭腦的苦表情。這個表情後得蕭教授指正為「乏味沉悶(boring)」。

在少數族裔的課堂,情況大異其趣。當主動型學生遇上依書直說解說型老師,少見乏味沉悶的表情,倒是多見他們樂觀、謙虛,而且喜歡互相幫忙,哄哄的一面。

一般依書直說的解說流程,就是從定義出發,引入公式,講例子,做堂課,對答案,定家課。主動型的華語學生,感到乏味沉悶之餘,可能已經不理會老師的講解,自行模倣課本例子,埋頭計算,務求做得更快,也能做到更深的題目,在解決難題的過程中,或能明白數學的原義。例如學習百分比,這些學生能夠自行融會貫通分數、百分數和小數的關係和意義。而不局限於它們之間的變換計算法。
主動型的少數族裔學生,面對依書直說的解說型老師,仍會留心聽講,自己明白了,就會熱切地指點鄰近的同學。例如一個巴基斯坦女孩子,雖然個子矮小,自己也不是很快學得懂,但只要她懂了,就會像個姐姐一樣,清楚認真地用英語教坐在後面的巴基斯坦男孩。原來男孩是新來港,只稍懂英文,而女孩是在港出生的。他們的主動性,當然未達到主動探究數學課題的意義,但是他們帶著珍惜學習機會和照顧別人的心態,正是學校教育的初衷呢。


當他們討論做法時,在旁細聽他們的對話,或直接問他們對問題的看法和做法,都能夠講出一些老師和課本以外的獨特思考。例如一個菲律賓學生善於處理百分比的應用題,原來他在菲律賓有幫忙家人做小買賣,所以滿有實戰經驗。

其實老師依書直說,所依的書,已因應少數族裔學生的困難,有所刪減或按題型由淺至深而編排。只是難免把他們類比本地學生,一樣期望他們會背公式,肯多做練習以操熟過程步驟。結果,卻是事與願違。為甚麼會這樣呢?下一篇再談。

【註1】 筆者在2015 – 2017學年參與了一個由教育局撥款的「中學非華語學生數學的學與教支援計劃」。接觸的學生以巴基斯坦籍為多,佔64人,分佈在6所中學,為全數的45%。其他有菲律賓、尼泊爾、印度、印尼等族裔學生。計劃詳情見 NCS Math, Faculty of Education, HKU 網站。

【註2】 上一篇〈不被定型〉

辯論不只是一場比賽

專業分享 ■ 黃潔慧

我們往往難以想像學生的潛能,但同時亦難以想像他們的局限。

我的學生當中,有些家境不錯,我久不久便拋出這辯題:「政府應容許所有公共屋住戶養狗。」這次對象是小學生,睜大眼睛高呼:「乜係公共屋呀?」那是政府興建給基層市民居住的房屋,我答。一答可不得了:「咁我住的紅磡有無公共屋?」「我住的西九龍呢?」「咁沙田呢?」

敵不過七嘴八舌,我自以為聰明的說道:「如果大家看見有個『邨』字的,多半是公共屋……」話未畢,一把清脆女聲朗聲道:「咁又一村呢?」

這下「技術性擊倒」的確教我意想不到,但學生不知公屋為何物,卻在我意料之中。這正是此辯題歷久常新的原因。我告訴學生,你們的爸爸媽媽,許多也是在公屋長大的(當然學生又會問點解,我趁機解釋一番),回家問問爸媽公屋是甚麼樣子的,也一起去找你家附近的屋「邨」吧。


年長了,分得清公屋與居屋,甚至不同概念與專有名詞也能琅琅上口,但是否代表能理解背後的深義呢?最近我另一班學生比賽,辯論兒童事務委員會的運作模式。訓練進行了三四天,要看的資料基本都看了,可就是有點不對勁,是甚麼呢?練習駁論時,我終於明白了。

知己知彼,百戰百勝;駁論練習,就是學習易地而處,想像對手的論點、如何反擊。同學練習反駁時,聽上去夠振振有詞的,可是細聽之下,怎麼就是重複幾段華麗說詞?沒有深度,也沒有溫度。
於是,我叫停了訓練。然後,我跟他們說「悲情城市」的由來和《天水圍的夜與霧》這電影;跟他們讀新聞:一名小童放學跟著婆婆執紙皮、晚上窩在如雜物房的房做功課;跟他們談學童自殺;也談到青少年是精神病發高峰期,但兒童精神科新症需輪候多久,大家知道嗎?「平均近兩年。」一位同學立即上網:「有些地區要排幾年。」在場的其他同學倒抽一口涼氣。

然後我說,我們先不要理會比賽吧。你們也是兒童。你們能想像,跟你們差不多年紀的其他兒童,在經歷甚麼嗎?你們能想像嗎?能提出建議嗎?你相信你說的立論嗎?

那一晚,我請同學回家,用自己觀點試著游說父母,並接受他們的質詢。如果連父母也說服不了,代表對議題未想通透,那麼就再想一下吧。

辯論就是如此一個學習過程,讓學生正視自己的局限,也發掘自己的潛能,並因此對這世界的某個議題,並非蜻蜓點水,而是深度地了解過一次。

近幾年我更進一步,深思如何把辯論發展成教學工具。「融辯入教」不是新課題,難在如何盡用辯論每個環節及元素,靈活地服務不同教育目的。下期分享一些心得。

【 作者簡介 】
資深傳媒人及中大政治與行政學系兼任講師,並擁有十多年辯論培訓經驗,授學對象由九歲至六十六歲,著有《快樂辯論》一書。剛過去的暑假,在教協開辦「快樂辯論專業導師培訓班」及「辯論與教學工作坊」兩個課程。

Alleged to have submitted incomplete student figures, Council appointing independent auditor at the City University

PTU News Reporter

News reports in October 2017 claimed that the City University of Hong Kong submitted an incomplete claim of the number of students, resulting in an increase in teacher-student ratio and a better assessment value. Herman Hu, the then chairperson of the Council of the City University of Hong Kong (CityU) denied the said allegations, and had since appointed an independent auditor to audit the statistics concerning teacher-student ratio. Related figures will be released after the completion of the audition. Also a university teaching staff, the President of the HKPTU, Dr. Fung Wai Wah expressed concerns on the consequence brought by an over-emphasis on rankings to the developments of universities.

Inconsistencies Between Figures Submitted by CityU and the UGC

Comparing different figures submitted by the CityU of Hong Kong, news reports revealed that the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) and Times Higher Education (THE) both indicated the number of students studying at the CityU of Hong Kong in the 2015/16 academic year to be 9,240. Statistics of the University Grants Committee (UGC) suggests otherwise, indicating the number of students to be 13,283, revealing a significant difference in numbers. The CityU was alleged to have submitted figures of students studying in the summer semester, with final year students graduating and freshmen students yet to be enrolled, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of students.  The CityU denied all allegations. Herman Hu stated that “we have nothing to hide. CityU can stand under the sunlight”. The University had since appointed an independent auditor to audit statistics concerning student numbers, and had promised to release relevant statistics upon the completion of the auditions.

Media reports had further pointed out the QS practice of providing paid services, providing universities with extra assessment services upon payment. Said services are annually priced at around $320,000, with City University and the Hong Kong Baptist University opting into the programme last year. CityU was awarded an assessment grading of “5+”, a score even higher than those attained by top-rank universities such as Harvard, California Institute of Technology, and Cambridge. As an income source of QS, this programme charges at a significantly high rate; with government subsidized universities to join in these assessment programme raises questions of the appropriateness of use of funding. By providing assessment services on payment basis, the legitimacy of QS rankings is notably challenged. In interviews, representatives of QS emphasized on the the impartiality of QS, stating that no results of assessments carried out in the payment-based programme will be affected by the varying amount paid by universities.

Putting The Cart In Front of The Horse

Red flags were once again signalled against the consequences of an over-emphasis on the pursuit of rankings brought to the tertiary education sector. Dr. Fung Wai Wah said the emphasis on university rankings by personnel at the managerial level in universities had prompted scholars to focus mainly on research and publication works in international periodicals, resulting in a severe imbalance. Scholars are then faced with immense pressure—failing to publish works in famous periodicals, resulting in negative impact in promotion or renewal of contracts. Such practices turned universities into producing publication mills, neglecting the responsibilities of nurturing talents.

Purchasing grading services instead of funding research and education developments, as did by certain universities puts the cart in front of the horse, clearly reflecting a distortion in university education by a culture of pursuing rankings among universities; it is utmost unacceptable for universities to be providing incomplete statistics in order to acquire improved rankings. The HKPTU hereby awaits for the City University of Hong Kong to complete audition in time and disclose all relevant information, ensuring no universities are acquiring improved rankings through dishonest measures.

 

Improving Education Bottom-Up, the HKPTU Participates in Education-Related Task Forces

PTU News Reporter

As a trade union of teachers and an education professional organization, the Hong Kong Teachers’ Professional Union had been providing suggestions and advices to the government on education policies over the years. With the intentions to push forward improvements in government policies concerning education, we strive to deliver the opinions of teachers to the government while education policies were being formulated. Over the years, we have met with government officials from time to time, and had established the Education Research Department in HKPTU in order to conduct in-depth research and to provide substantial suggestions concerning education policies. The HKPTU’s Legislative Councillors have also been actively bringing opinions and voices of teaching professionals into the Legislative Council, safeguarding education for teachers and for all citizens. Representatives of the HKPTU had also taken part in the work of a number of panels and task forces related to education policies established by the government, aiming to bring in the opinions of education professionals at the frontline in the process of policy making.

To handle education related matters, the government had established a number of panels and task forces. Representatives from the HKPTU had also taken part in the work of these panels and commissions, including the Education Commission and the Council on Professional Conduct in Education. Upon the Legislative Council’s approval to a 3.6 billion funding to the education sector last year, the government had since established respective task forces to review the “Eight Key Areas of Education”. These eight key areas include the professional developments of teachers, curriculum arrangements, vocational education, self-financed tertiary education, school-based management, parental education, and the UGC funding of academic research and students’ dormitories. Several task forces had already been established, with Mr. Fung Wai Wah, President of HKPTU appointed as a member of the Task Force on School-based Management Policy and Mr. Cheung Yui Fai appointed as member of the Task Force on Professional Developments of Teachers.

Reviewing the School-based Management system to safeguard the rights and interests of teachers and students

In an interview with the PTU News, Fung, President of the HKPTU,  revealed that the primary objective of the Task Force on School-based Management is to review the current implementation of the system and to look into methods of simplifying administrative work at school, alleviating the work pressure of teachers. Fung continued by pointing out that since the education reform, the increasingly complicated administrative work faced by teachers had brought about immense pressure, the education sector had been looking forward to a solution to the mounting pressure of teachers for years. Fung envisions the Task Force to work towards a common goal of coming up with feasible solutions in reducing administrative work faced by schools. The mismanagement of the Hing Tak School revealed the shortcomings of the school-based management system, Fung   expects the Task Force to conduct in-depth discussions on ways of improving the school-based management system, in particular the mechanism of returning complaints filed for schools to handle. Fung expects the Task Force to reinforce the role of teachers in school administration, safeguarding the rights of teachers and students.

Upgrading teaching professional education to degree level

Cheung, the Vice President of the HKPTU, the newly appointed member of the Task Force on Professional Developments of Teachers, as well as the vice-principal of a secondary school, stated that the Task Force will be conducting research on issues concerning staff entitlement matters that had aroused concern and awareness in the education sector over the years. The Task Force will also be looking for feasible mechanisms of establishing a teaching professionals’ qualifications framework, including qualifying teachers for their respective specialties at work, such as counselling and SEN support. The Task Force will also look into the staffing management at the managerial level of secondary, primary, and special education schools as well as establishing a timetable for the full implementation of upgrading all teaching professional education to degree level. Cheung stated that the above-mentioned are longstanding issues that had aroused concerns in the education sector, upgrading teaching professional education to degree level, alongside with demands to increase class-student ratio, are the most pressing demands of primary and secondary schools. Fung hopes that the Task Force will be able to push forward the implementation of upgrading professional education to degree level, hence resolving the issue of differential pay among similar employment.

Fung adds that, as the largest teachers’ union, the HKPTU has always been an important stakeholder in the process of drafting education policies. Fung hopes that the government will maintain an open-minded manner in the future when establishing education related task forces and panels, accepting opinions from different stakeholders, allowing representatives of teachers’ unions to participate. The HKPTU will also continue its work in voicing the opinions of the education sector through various means, ensuring the voices of the frontline teachers are heard by the government in the process of policy-making.

 

 

如何應用教學影片照顧學習差異

見微集 ■ 趙志成

上期提到照顧學習差異要有針對性規劃及目標。

先以中學的正規學科學習為例,絕大部份教師都希望學生的公開試成績能得以提升,所以課後補課是主策略,尤其是考期前的一段時間,但多是整體式補課,多聚焦於如何應付過往考題,及針對難點解釋;在時間緊迫之下,亦難就學生的差異而設計教學,對想學,卻需過程時間(process time)理解概念的相對「落後生」幫助不大。但現在資訊科技的發展令教學影片易於製作、儲存、修訂及重溫,多「版本」的自製影片是照顧學習差異的竅門,在本系列的較後部分會再談方法。

最重要的當然是課堂上的教學有趣有效,大部分學生都有動機學習,雖不是為某一部份學生而設計,但整體學習氣氛良好,學習成果應成正比。電子教學的盛行,以影片輔助教學比以往普遍得多。
教學影片可分為三大類:一是教科書商附送,以powerpoint為主;二是教師在互聯網上搜尋及下載影片作教材,三是教師有目標的自製。第一類是統一的標準教材,與教科書無異,不會把照顧差異作為目標,有時會有些分層習作或pop-up小知識之類,作用不大,不多說了。


第二類的下載影片,其效能及作用亦視乎是否符合學科教學目標而定。其中有關科學知識、地球生態或歷史發展等紀錄片是常用的教材,透過影像及講解,令學生能掌握知識及內容,比單從課本及文字中學習有更好的效果,教師們都完全理解。至於有關語文科學習的影片,如話劇、音樂劇,我不熟悉、不置喙。嚴格來說,找好的影視教材輔助教學是基本功,與是否推行電子教學關係不大;不過,現在搜尋、下載、儲存、優化與分享教學影片容易和普遍得多,校內同事如在教學行為上有協作互助的意識及行動,教學效能定有提升,此亦是校內如何建立及管理教學知識(knowledge management,KM)的重要一環,KM 並不應只是學生的數據管理,如出缺率、測考成績、課業記錄等,對教師教學能量的積累更重要。

另一類常下載作教學的影片多與社會事務相關,有人物訪談及事件追蹤等,多用於通識教育科,此類影片不一定與知識內容相關,不是以傳遞知識為主要目標,不是為教學而製作,教師要利用這些影片輔助教學,如何恰當運用要靠教師的功力,即如何剪裁、選取、調動影片,何時配以相關提問、哪時提供機會讓學生作深入討論等等,要妥善策劃,而不是要求學生在課室內坐定定,長時間看完影片,作討論和填答工作紙。

除了在互聯網上下載影片外,教師自己攝錄及製作影片,已很普遍。一來因為「翻轉課堂」的推行,二來科技設施令製作簡單容易。既是自製,就能較針對教學目標,一般數、理、經濟等學科,都以澄清概念、輔以PowerPoint,由老師單向講解為主,最重要的是講解要清晰、層次要分明,能針對難點釋疑,較教科書商附送的PowerPoint 更細緻,學生都喜歡看,才有效果。

如校內教師團隊有良好協助作習慣,這些講解式影片可以分工,甚至全由最擅長澄清概念的同事負責便可。整理好後,可以在課前,課內及課後讓學生作預習、學習、溫習及測考前重覆翻看之用,是很好的自學教材。不過,究竟如何調動學生的積極性看相對沉悶的教師自製影片是另一課題了。
近來,點擊頗多的是教師或學生填詞彈唱的教學影片,但都只是以提升學生興趣為目標,對需理解學習概念及內容幫助不大,熱潮一過,很快會沉寂,學習效果其實不強。

(照顧學習差異系列五之二)


照顧學習差異系列:

教協參與教育專責小組工作 期望自下而上改善教育政策

本報記者

教協作為教師工會及教育專業團體,多年來一直透過不同渠道向政府提出教育政策建議,推動政府改善教育政策,讓政府在制定教育政策和措施時聆聽前線教師的聲音。過往教協不時約見政府相關官員會面,並設立教育研究部就不同範疇的教育政策進行扎實的研究和提出具體政策建議,而教協立法會議員多年來亦積極把教師聲音帶入議會,在議會為教師以至市民把關,從不間斷。除此以外,政府亦設立了多個跟教育相關的委員會和研究小組,教協代表亦參與部分委員會的工作,希望利用每一個渠道,在教育政策的制定過程中,讓政府聆聽前線教師的聲音。

過往政府設立多個委員會處理教育相關事宜,教協代表亦有參與部分委員會的工作,包括教育統籌委員會及教育人員專業操守議會。去年中,立法會通過36億元教育經常開支後,政府就「八大教育範疇」成立個別專責小組進行研究。八大範疇包括教師專業發展、課程安排、評核制度、職業專才教育、自資專上教育、校本管理、家長教育和教資會在研究和學生宿舍的資助。部分委員會已經成立,當中教協會長馮偉華獲委任為校本管理政策專責小組成員,而副會長張銳輝則獲委任為教師專業發展專責小組成員。

檢視校本管理 保障師生權益

會長馮偉華接受本報訪問時表示,校本管理政策專責小組將研究現時校本管理政策的推行情況,並探討如何簡化資助學校的行政,從而釋放教師空間。馮偉華表示,自教改以來日漸繁複的行政工作為前線教師帶來極大壓力,為教師鬆綁減壓,讓他們專注教學工作已是業界多年的期望,他希望專責小組成員可共同努力,提出切實可行的方法減輕學校行政工作。同時,去年興德學校事件暴露了校本管理的種種問題,他期望專責小組可就改善校本管理進行深入討論,特別是檢視現時把針對學校的投訴發還學校處理的機制,加強教師校政的角色,保障教師及學生的權益。

盼儘快落實教師學位化

至於獲委任為教師專業發展專責小組成員,本身為中學副校長的教協副會長張銳輝則表示,這個專責小組將就三項教育界長期關注,有關教師編制的議題進行研究,包括建立教師專業階梯的可行方案,認同教師在教學上的不同專長,例如輔導工作、支援特教生等,亦會研究中小學及特殊學校管理層的職級安排,以及教師職位學位化的時間表。張銳輝認為,上述議題均是教育界長期關注的項目,當中全面學位化更是提高班師比例以外,中小學最迫切的訴求之一,期望專責小組可推動政府儘快落實這項措施,解決文憑教師同工不同酬的問題。

馮偉華補充指,教協作為最大的教師工會,一向是教育政策制定過程中的重要持分者,他期望政府日後成立其他與教育相關的委員會時,能夠保持開放的態度,兼容各持分者的意見,讓教師工會代表參與其中。教協亦會繼續透過不同渠道,向政府表達教育界的意見,讓政府制定教育政策和措施時,能吸納前線教師的聲音。

城大被指呈交不全面的學生人數
校董會委任會計師審計

本報記者

有傳媒於2017年11月報道,指控城大向國際大學排名機構上報不全面的學生人數,從而令師生比例上升及提升城大的評分。時任城大校董會主席胡曉明否認城大上報虛假的數字,並委任獨立會計師核實師生比例等的數字,並會於核數後公開相關數字。本身是大學教職員的教協會長馮偉華擔心,大學過分追求排名,不利大學的發展。

上報評級的數字與教資會數據不符

傳媒比較城大上報的不同數字,發現排名機構QS(Quacquarelli Symonds)及THE(Times Higher Education)的數據指城大在2015/16學年共有9,240位學生,但教資會的數據則反映有13,283位學生,兩者相差甚遠。城大被指是呈報了暑假期間的學生數字,因為四年級的同學剛畢業,而新生又尚未入學,所以學生人數較平日上課時少。城大否認上報的數字有問題,時任校董會主席胡曉明指「城大沒有隱瞞、沒有欺騙。城大可以站於陽光之下」。校方已委任獨立會計師,就學生人數等的數據進行審計,並承諾於審計後公佈相關的數據。


有傳媒更指出,QS向大學提供收費服務,為大學提供額外的評級服務。這項服務索價每年約港幣32萬元,去年有城大及浸大參加了這個評級計劃;而城大則獲評為「5+」級,屬最高的評級,比哈佛大學、加州理工學院、劍橋大學等世界頂尖學府的得分更高。這個收費計劃成為QS的收入來源,而且收費不菲;政府資助大學付款參加這些評級計劃,令人質疑是否善用資源。而QS以收費方式提供評核,亦令人質疑相關的評核有欠公允;QS的代表接受報章訪問時則強調,收費的評核亦不會因學校所付費用的多寡而影響評核結果。

擔心大學為追逐 排名而捨本逐末

是次事件再令人關注到大學追逐排名的文化正進一步危害大專學界。馮偉華指,近年大學管理層重視大學排名,使部分學者只重視研究工作及於國際期刊上發表文章,而忽略了教學工作,做成嚴重失衡。而且學者本身亦承受著極大壓力,擔心如果沒有文章可以於國際知名的期刊發表,便會對升職甚至續約造成負面影響。結果大學成為論文的工廠,輕視了為社會培育人材的任務。

部分大學更花數十萬於購買評級服務,而不是將資源用於教研工作,做法本末倒置,可見大學間追逐排名的風氣已經令大學教育出現扭曲。假如真的有大學以不完整的數據,促使大學排名上升,則更不能接受。教協期望城大盡早完成就學生人數及師生比例的審計工作,並全面公開資料,確保大學不是以不當的方式提升排名。